Fermented Kimchi-Style Vegetable Supplementation and Gut Microbiota Diversity in Adults with Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial

Abstract

Background: Metabolic syndrome is linked to reduced gut microbial diversity, and fermented vegetables such as kimchi are
proposed dietary modulators of this axis. Objective: To synthesise published evidence on fermented kimchi-style vegetables, gut
microbiota diversity, and metabolic syndrome outcomes. Methods: Narrative review of published randomised trials, systematic
reviews and meta-analyses, and mechanistic studies. Findings: Kimchi and related lacto-fermented vegetables modestly increase
microbial diversity, raise faecal short-chain fatty acids, and improve waist circumference, lipids, and glycaemia in several small
trials. Conclusions: Evidence supports fermented vegetables as an adjunct dietary strategy, though heterogeneity and sodium
content warrant caution.