Vascularisation Strategies in Stem Cell-Based Bone Tissue Engineering
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22274391Keywords:
Bone tissue engineering; Vascularisation; Mesenchymal stromal cells; Angiogenesis; Scaffold architectureAbstract
Background: Constructs larger than the diffusion limit die at their centre, so vascularisation rather than osteogenic
induction has been the rate-limiting step in stem cell-based bone tissue engineering.
Objective: To assess the evidence behind vessel-instructive biology, scaffold architecture, growth-factor dose, co-culture
prevascularisation, printed channels and surgically axialised vascular beds.
Methods: Narrative review of rodent, rabbit and sheep implantation studies, in vitro co-culture and printing work, human
biopsy series and clinical case reports.
Findings: Type H endothelium constitutes 1.77 +/- 0.01% of bone endothelial cells in four-week-old mice (N = 7), yet 82.63
+/- 1.8% of Runx2-positive cells lie adjacent to it. In rabbit femoral condyles, vessel volume fraction at twelve weeks was 13.5
+/- 0.58% with 150 micrometre interconnections against 5.76 +/- 0.52% at 100 micrometres (N = 6).
Conclusions: The evidence supports the coupling of angiogenesis to osteogenesis and the geometric and dose constraints on
design, but no strategy at human scale, where the record is case reports.
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