Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on Demineralized Bone Scaffolds: A Review
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.22237713Keywords:
mesenchymal stromal cells; demineralized bone matrix; osteogenic differentiation; osteoinduction; bone scaffoldAbstract
Background: Demineralized bone matrix (DBM) is the only widely used allograft that retains osteoinductive activity after
processing, but contains no living cells. Seeding it with bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) is the
most direct route to a living osteogenic construct.
Objective: To review how demineralized bone scaffolds influence osteogenic commitment of human BM-MSCs, and what
determines whether it is reproducible.
Findings: Residual calcium near 2% of dry weight is repeatedly optimal, and partially demineralized scaffolds outperform
both fully demineralized and untreated bone — consistent with the 25-40 kPa stiffness window for osteogenesis. Against this,
fusion rates across seven commercial DBM products in one rodent model ranged from 0% to 100%.
Conclusions: Partial rather than complete demineralization is the more favourable preparation. Translation is limited less
by the biology than by lot-to-lot variability and the lack of a validated potency assay.
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