Skills Lacking in Estimating Carbohydrate Content: A Need for Continual Education of Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Keywords:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus, Glycaemic control, Carbohydrate counting, Carbohydrate estimation accuracy, Patient educationAbstract

References
Evert, AB., Boucher, JL., Cypress, M., Dunbar, SA., Franz, MJ., Mayer- Davis, EJ., et al. (2013) Nutrition therapy recommendations for the management of adults with diabetes. Diabetes Care, 36(11): 3821- 3842.
Sheard, NF., Clark, NG., Brand-Miller, JC., Franz, MJ., Pi-Sunyer, FX., Mayer-Davis, E., et al. (2004) Dietary carbohydrate (amount and type) in the prevention and management of diabetes: a statement by the american diabetes association. Diabetes Care, 27(9): 2266-2271.
Evert, AB., Boucher, JL., Cypress, M., Dunbar, SA., Franz, MJ., Mayer- Davis, EJ., et al. (2013) Nutrition Therapy Recommendations for the Management of Adults With Diabetes. Diabetes Care, 36(11): 3821- 3842.
(2015) Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes—2015. Diabetes Care 38 (Supplement 1): 93.
Fitzsimons, B., Wilton, L., Lamont, T., McCulloch, L., Boyce, J. (2002) The Audit Commission review of diabetes services in England and Wales, 1998-2001. Diabet Med, 19: 73-78.
Gorst, C., Kwok, CS., Aslam, S., Buchan, I., Kontopantelis, E., Myint, PK., et al. (2015) Long-term Glycemic Variability and Risk of Adverse Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Diabetes Care, 38(12): 2354-2369.
Group, DS. (2002) Training in flexible, intensive insulin management to enable dietary freedom in people with type 1 diabetes: dose adjustment for normal eating (DAFNE) randomised controlled trial. BMJ, 325(7367): 746.
Scavone, G., Manto, A., Pitocco, D., Gagliardi, L., Caputo, S., Mancini, L., et al. (2010) Effect of carbohydrate counting and medical nutritional therapy on glycaemic control in Type 1 diabetic subjects: a pilot study. Diabet Med, 27(4): 477-479.
Dias, VM., Pandini, JA., Nunes, RR., Sperandei, SL., Portella, ES., Cobas, RA., et al. (2010). Effect of the carbohydrate counting method on glycemic control in patients with type 1 diabetes. Diabetol Metab Syndr, 2: 54.
Laurenzi, A., Bolla, AM., Panigoni, G., Doria, V., Uccellatore, A., Peretti, E., et al. (2011). Effects of carbohydrate counting on glucose control and quality of life over 24 weeks in adult patients with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: a randomized, prospective clinical trial (GIOCAR). Diabetes Care, 34(4): 823-827.
Brazeau, AS., Mircescu, H., Desjardins, K., Leroux, C., Strychar, I., Ekoe, JM., et al. (2013) Carbohydrate counting accuracy and blood glucose variability in adults with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 99(1): 19-23.
Spiegel, G., Bortsov, A., Bishop, FK., Owen, D., Klingensmith, GJ., Mayer- Davis, EJ., et al. (2012) Randomized Nutrition Education Intervention to Improve Carbohydrate Counting in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Study: Is More Intensive Education Needed? J Acad Nutr Diet, 112(11): 1736-1746.
Bishop, FK., Maahs, DM., Spiegel, G., Owen, D., Klingensmith, GJ., Bortsov, A., et al. (2009) The Carbohydrate Counting in Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes (CCAT) Study. Diabetes Spectrum, 22(1): 56-62.
Mehta, SN., Quinn, N., Volkening, LK., Laffel, LM. (2009) Impact of carbohydrate counting on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 32(6): 1014-1016.
Nielsen, TH., Biltoft-Jensen, A., Ygil, KH. (2011) Udvikling af billedserier til Den nationale undersøgelse af danskernes kostvaner og fysiske aktivitet 2011. DTU National Food Institute. [cited 2019 May 5]. Retrieved from: https://www.food.dtu.dk/-/media/Institutter/ Foedevareinstituttet/Publikationer/Pub-2011/Billedserier-til- Den-nationale-undersoegelse-af-danskernes-kost-og-fysiskeaktivitet-2011.ashx?la=da&hash=4AB292950FC3E66FD1EACBDC36 327B5344B84A55
Kawamura, T., Takamura, C., Hirose, M., Hashimoto, T., Higashide, T., Kashihara, Y., et al. (2015) The factors affecting on estimation of carbohydrate content of meals in carbohydrate counting. Clin Pediatr Endocrinol, 24(4): 153-165.
Nelson, M., Atkinson, M., Darbyshire, S. (1994) Food photography. I: The perception of food portion size from photographs. Br J Nutr, 72(5): 649-663.
Lucas, F., Niravong, M., Villeminot, S., Kaaks, R., Clavelchapelon, F. (1995) Estimation of food portion size using photographs - validity, strengths, weaknesses and recommendations. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 8(1): 65-74.
Nelson, M., Haraldsdottir, J. (1998) Food photographs: practical guidelines II. Development and use of photographic atlases for assessing food portion size. Public Health Nutr, 1(4): 231-237.
Andersen, LT., Haraldsdóttir, J. Forskningsinstitut for Human Ernæring Kgl. Veterinær- og Landbohøjskole (1996). Typiske vægte for madvarer. Scand J Nutr, 40 (4): S129-152.
Timon, CM., Cooper, SE., Barker, ME., Astell, AJ., Adlam, T., Hwang, F., et al. (2017) A comparison of food portion size estimation by older adults, young adults and nutritionists. Journal of Nutrition, 7.
Meade, LT., Rushton, WE. (2016) Accuracy of Carbohydrate Counting in Adults. Clin Diabetes, 34(3): 142-147.
Nebel, IT., Blüher, M., Starcke, U., Müller, UA., Haak, T., Paschke, R. (2002) Evaluation of a computer based interactive diabetes education program designed to train the estimation of the energy or carbohydrate contents of foods. Patient Education and Counseling, 46(1): 55-59.
Bruttomesso, D., Pianta, A., Crazzolara, D., Capparotto, C., Dainese, E., Zurlo, C., et al. (2001) Teaching and training programme on carbohydrate counting in Type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Nutr Metab, 14(5): 259-267.
Ahola, AJ., Makimattila, S., Saraheimo, M., Mikkila, V., Forsblom, C., Freese, R., et al. (2010). Many patients with Type 1 diabetes estimate their prandial insulin need inappropriately. J Diabetes 2(3): 194-202.
Koontz, MB., Cuttler, L., Palmert, MR., O’Riordan, M., Borawski, EA., McConnell, J., et al. (2010) Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess carbohydrate and insulin-dosing knowledge in youth with type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 33(3): 457-462.
Smart, CE., Ross, K., Edge, JA., King, BR., McElduff, P., Collins, CE. (2010) Can children with Type 1 diabetes and their caregivers estimate the carbohydrate content of meals and snacks? Diabet Med, 27(3): 348- 353.
Smart, CE., Ross, K., Edge, JA., Collins, CE., Colyvas, K., King, BR. (2009) Children and adolescents on intensive insulin therapy maintain postprandial glycaemic control without precise carbohydrate counting. Diabet Med, 26(3): 279-285.
Smart, CE., King, BR., McElduff, P., Collins, CE. (2012) In children using intensive insulin therapy, a 20-g variation in carbohydrate amount significantly impacts on postprandial glycaemia. Diabet Med, 29(7): e21-e24.
Ewers, B., Andersen, HU., Vilsbøll, T., Bruun, JM. (2019) The dietary education trial in carbohydrate counting (DIET-CARB Study): study protocol for a randomised, parallel, open-label, intervention study comparing different approaches to dietary self-management in patients with type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open, 9.
Elwood, PC., Bird, G. (1983) A photographic method of diet evaluation. Hum Nutr Appl Nutr, 37(6): 474-477.
Schouw, N., Skouboe, AG., Bruun, JM., Ewers, B. (2019) Validation Data Based On A Web-Based Photographic Questionnaire For Assessment Of Skills In Estimating Carbohydrate Portion Sizes In Adults With Type 1 Diabetes. J Clin Nutr Food Sci, 2(2): 54-056.


